Parasitoids are important insects that commonly released into the environment to reduce population sizes of pest species. The lifetime reproductive success parasitoids mainly depends on host availability and mature eggs. Consequently, it is predicted female wasps must balance risk egg or (time) limitation with maximized fecundity. Typically, synovigenic females, which continue eggs throughout t...

Knowledge about the number of reproductive females is important for monitoring population dynamics, and can be critical managing human–wildlife conflicts. For wolverines Gulo gulo, counts basis estimates size in Scandinavia, as well a key measure compensation payments to Sámi reindeer-herders Sweden. However, documenting wolverine events field challenging requires knowledge female denning behav...

Traditional approaches to the study of behaviour have typically assumed that behavioural patterns, especially elements of reproductive behaviour, are invariant within species. Recent research on a diversity of behavioural traits in a wide array of taxa provides evidence that genetically based geographic variation in behaviour is common. Comparisons of populations that display geographic variati...

Determining how individuals adjust their behaviour to maximize reproductive opportunities is fundamental to understanding the adaptive significance of behavioural variations. Such 'decision making' requires recognition mechanisms, whereby an individual evaluates cues that yield information about the potential reproductive outcomes of alternative behaviours. Here, we develop a quantitative model...