1. A motor programme underlying backward swimming in the squat lobster Galathea strigosa is described. Swimming is accomplished by repeated flexions and extensions of the abdomen. This investigation indicates that the behaviour is generated centrally, possibly in the suboesophageal or thoracic nervous system, and is probably homologous with non-giant escape behaviour in crayfish. 2. The effects...

Voluntary movements in animals are often episodic, with abrupt onset and termination. Elevated neuronal excitation is required to drive the neuronal circuits underlying such movements; however, the mechanisms that sustain this increased excitation are largely unknown. In the medicinal leech, an identified cascade of excitation has been traced from mechanosensory neurons to the swim oscillator c...

background:  the purpose of the present study was to examine whether a first bout of exhaustive exercise can change inflammo-endocrine responses to second subsequent similar exercise on the same day.  cortisol, tnf-α, and adenosin deaminas enzyme (ada) were assessed during a progressive endurance protocol. methods: eight well trained endurance runners (aged 23.13±3.39 years; weight, 66.21±9.47 ...

testing behaviour in apes as behavioural patterns which were enacted while facing E, if they fell outside of the described repertoire of the species (for example, testing poses; see Figure ), or were combined in non-standard sequences (testing sequences) or uncharacteristically long bouts of repetitions (behaviour repetitions). Out of 46 coded bouts of testing behaviour, four were testing poses...

Although the exact mechanisms are still unclear, it is commonly acknowledged that acute eccentric exercise alters muscle performance, whereas the repetition of successive bouts leads to the disappearance of the deleterious signs. To clarify this issue, we measured blood creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and proton transverse relaxation time (T2) in various leg muscles 72 h af...