PURPOSE To evaluate the qualitative and quantitative topographic changes in the surface of worn contact lenses (CLs) of different materials using atomic force microscopy (AFM). METHODS The topography of five different CL materials was evaluated with AFM over a surface of 25 microm(2) according to previously published experimental setup. Average roughness (R(a)) and root mean square (Rms) valu...

The wettability of reactively sputtered Y₂O₃, thermally oxidized Y-Y₂O₃ and Cd-CdO template assisted Y₂O3 coatings has been studied. The wettability of as-deposited Y₂O3 coatings was determined by contact angle measurements. The water contact angles for reactively sputtered, thermally oxidized and template assisted Y₂O3 nanostructured coatings were 99°, 117° and 155°, respectively. The average ...

Experimentation has been carried out to find the influence of a gap provided in ribs on thermohydraulic performance of a square duct roughened with discrete inclined ribs. The two opposite walls of the square duct are roughened with ribs having attack angle (α) of 45 and a gap on its length. The investigation has been performed for relative roughness pitch (p/e) of 10, relative roughness height...

Although many researchers have studied the flow hydraulics in compound channels, there are still many complicated problems in determination of their flow rating curves. Many different methods have been presented for these channels but extending them for all types of compound channels with different geometrical and hydraulic conditions is certainly difficult. In this study, by aid of nearly 400 ...

Roughness elements affect internal flows in different ways. One effect is a transition from laminar to turbulent flow at a lower Reynolds number than the predicted Re=2300. Initial work at RIT in the subject area was performed by Schmitt and Kandlikar (2005) and Kandlikar et al. (2005), and this study is an extension of these efforts. The channel used in this study is rectangular, with varying ...

surfaces may have the same roughness index but one surface may have the roughness on average spaced farThe measurement of the roughness of soil surfaces on centimeter ther apart on the surface. A more complete characterizascales is important to modeling local soil erodibility. An acoustic backscatter technique was examined for its ability to quantify the tion would describe not only vertical sc...