Optical and anatomical methods were used to establish the refractive state of the eye of the Black Moor variety of goldfish. The eye is strongly myopic. The refractive error in 12 eyes from 6 fish ranged from 89 to 268 D.

An empirically based, conceptual model of human blur perception is presented. It incorporates the concepts of blur detection and blur discrimination in depth, and across the central and peripheral retina, in two- and three-dimensional visual space. Key aspects of the model are its dynamic nature, predictability regarding the blur-based depth-ordering of objects, patterns of retinal defocus with...

Wearing spectacles was a province of adults over 40 years age till half century earlier. Now we find more children and adolescents wearing spectacles. There have been dramatic rise both in prevalence as well as progression of refractive errors especially myopia in children and adolescents. Various studies in Asian population demonstrate a rise in refractive error (RE) among school and college s...

Animal studies show that the rate of recovery from experimentally induced refractive errors is related to the level of ametropia induced. The present study examined the rate of emmetropisation occurring in a sample of 22 human infants refracted by near retinoscopy during the first six months of life and then again between 12 and 17 months old. None of the subjects were myopic. Regression analys...

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The effect of brief periods of monocular oblique viewing on axial refractive error in myopes and emmetropes was studied in 20 normal subjects. Refractive error and higher order aberrations were measured either with the subject's head positioned such that the subject looked straight into an aberrometer with the right eye or the subject's head rotated to the right or left by approximately 30 degr...

We present a population study of peripheral wavefront aberrations in large off-axis angles in terms of Zernike coefficients. A laboratory Hartmann-Shack sensor was used to assess the aberrations in 0 degrees, 20 degrees, and 30 degrees in the nasal visual field of 43 normal eyes. The elliptical pupil meant that the quantification could be done in different ways. The three approaches used were (...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate different refractive cutoffs for spectacle provision with regards to their impact on visual improvement and spectacle compliance. DESIGN Prospective study of visual improvement and spectacle compliance. PARTICIPANTS South African school children aged 6-19 years receiving free spectacles in a programme supported by Helen Keller International. METHODS Refractive error...

PURPOSE To identify variables associated with myopia progression and to identify any interaction between accommodative function, myopia progression, age, and treatment effect in the Cambridge Anti-Myopia Study. METHODS Contact lenses were used to improve static accommodation by altering ocular spherical aberration, and vision training was performed to improve dynamic accommodation. One hundre...

Myopia is of diverse aetiology. A small proportion of myopia is clearly familial, generally early in onset and of high level, with defined chromosomal localisations and in some cases, causal genetic mutations. However, in economically developed societies, most myopia appears during childhood, particularly during the school years. The chromosomal localisations characterised so far for high famil...