BACKGROUND Though associations between income inequality and birth outcome have been suggested, mechanisms underlying this relationship are not known. In this analysis, we examined the relationship between income inequality and preterm birth (PTB) and post-neonatal mortality (PNM) to explore two potential mechanisms-the proposed psychosocial stress and neo-material pathways. METHODS Data on s...

distribution income show how national income divide between economic sectors and social groups. it effect on social justice and many factors effect on it, such as productivity of labor force and employment rate. in this paper, factors affecting distribution income, especially productivity of labor force have been analyzed by panel data model for 32 countries during 1998-2005. the results show e...

The village fund allocation is a policy strategy of the government Indonesia for development in rural areas. Each has funds sourced from State Revenue and Expenditure Budget. uniqueness this community’s involvement determining expenditure funds. Therefore, program carried out line with needs community. Rural areas generally rely on agriculture, which lower productivity than other sectors, so th...

    This paper aims to focus on inclusive growth and its impact on multidimensional poverty and inequality in Iran's provinces on the basis of social mobility index. The results suggest, that although the multi-dimensional poverty has decreased, participation of active labor force has a decisive role in inclusive growth and reduction of absolute multi-dimensional poverty of the provinces. But l...

For decades, earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic welfare and inhibit agricultural trade and economic growth. They almost certainly add to inequality and p...

BACKGROUND Common mental disorders are more prevalent in areas of high neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation but whether the prevalence varies with neighbourhood income inequality is not known. AIMS To investigate the hypothesis that the interaction between small-area income deprivation and income inequality was associated with individual mental health. METHOD Multilevel analysis of popul...

This study surveys various views on income distribution and income inequality and presents alternative approaches to and analytical methods of measuring income inequality. In contrast to traditional income distribution analyses, the author examines the development of income distribution and income inequality for a period between 1996 and 2004, following the change in the regime, based on person...

This paper combines national accounts, household surveys, fiscal data, wealth rankings and election polls, in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the evolution income inequality Hong Kong, as well its impact on political cleavages over 1981-2020 period. We find very large rise wage since 1981, especially Handover Kong China. Top 1% earners now receive much larger fraction total bill th...

BACKGROUND China has since the beginning of this millennium engaged in substantial Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms. This paper adds evidence on how equity in level of health service utilization changed after UHC reforms. METHODS Our study was based on household survey data from 30 counties in Sichuan province in 2004 and 2011. We introduce an unusual outcome variable, namely level of ...