due to shortage of precipitation and the spatial and periodical disparity of rainfalls, iran iscounted among the arid and semi-arid countries of the world, and therefore the water utilities have put thecontrol of consumption and efficient use of water high on their priorities. water consumption management isconsidered as a field of energy management, and the impacts of effective measure related...

Innovations that reduce costs of transport from rural locations may also reduce transport costs to rural areas. As transport costs fall, producers can afford to concentrate and achieve economies of scale. This paper explains an initially negative, but ultimately positive, relationship between reductions in transport costs and rural development. A two-region general equilibrium model with firm a...

government, support policies with regard to egg producers and consumers were investigated for a set of four (1st to 4th) economic, social, and cultural development plans (1989 - 2008).the supports regarding egg production were estimated through producers and consumers support estimate indicators (pse & cse respectively). the results indicated, that support of producers in the first, third and f...

Recent interest in renewable energy production has exponentially increased the utilization of ethanol, a biofuel produced largely from corn in the United States. Increased production of ethanol has redistributed corn from livestock production to ethanol production. In 2002, 11% of the US corn crop was used in ethanol production; with the increase in production as much as 30% of US corn was bein...

Background The enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars is a promising approach for producing renewable fuels and chemicals. However, the cost and efficiency of the fungal enzyme cocktails that are normally employed in these processes remain a significant bottleneck. A potential route to increase hydrolysis yields and thereby reduce the hydrolysis costs would be t...

Intelligent electricity grids, or ‘Smart Grids’, are being introduced at a rapid pace. Smart grids allow the management of new distributed power generators such as solar panels and wind turbines, and innovative power consumers such as plug-in hybrid vehicles. One challenge in Smart Grids is to fulfill consumer demands while avoiding infrastructure overloads. Another challenge is to reduce imbal...

the traditional economic production quantity (epq) model assumes that during the production process no imperfect item is produced. but in the real production system, due to imperfect production process or other factors, imperfect quality items may be produced. furthermore, it is well-known that the total production-inventory costs can be reduced by reworking the imperfect quality items produced...

A recent strategy carried out by the aircraft industry to reduce the total cost of the new generation fighters has consisted in the development of a single airframe with different technical and operational specifications. This strategy has been designed to reduce costs in the Research, Design and Development phase with the ultimate objective of reducing the final unit price per aircraft. This i...