The dawn of the new industrial era (Fourth Industrial Revolution or 4 IR, Industry 4.0, “McLuhan” stage) characterised by IT-based modern technologies and global value chains has regained Asian economic strength. Overarching impact IR is expected on physical, digital biological world. Several countries have maintained high growth displayed true globalization possessing elements desiderata IR. A...

Zoonotic diseases are those diseases that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man with or without an arthropod intermediates. This manuscript paper is aimed at reviewing emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonoses, factors of emergence and re-emergence and surveillance and control measures against these diseases. Bacterial diseases are one of zoonotic diseases that may emer...

The emergence of novel infectious diseases, and the re-emergence of others, is not new. The global ecosystem is constantly changing, influencing the micro- and macroenvironments in which humans and their microbial companions reside and interact. Sometimes the environmental circumstances favour the pathogen and there is an unexpected increase in disease activity or emergence of a new infection. ...

There are a whole series of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases present in the Northern Hemisphere and the author describes four of them, namely, bartonellosis, leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis and plague. Reasons for the emergence or re-emergence of such diseases are not clear, but factors such as human demographics, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, a...