Growing demand for road infrastructures and accompanying environmental footprint calls the replacement of pavement materials with recycled options. The complexities in real-world usability are dependent upon project-specific characteristics affected by budgetary constraints local governmental agencies, material applicability, climatical conditions. This study conducts a comprehensive lifecycle ...

Studies of star formation rely heavily on observations in the near-infrared, but they typically need information from other wavelengths for interpretation. We show that we can infer distances and estimate membership young stellar objects clusters independently using (ground-based) $J$, $H,$ $K_S$ broadband data alone. also a lower limit fraction sources with $2.2~\mu$m excess emission sensitivi...

Context. By means of different physical mechanisms, the expansion of H ii regions can promote the formation of new stars of all masses. RCW 120 is a nearby Galactic H ii region where triggered star formation occurs. This region is well-studied – there being a wealth of existing data – and is nearby. However, it is surrounded by dense regions for which far infrared data is essential to obtain an...

Context. By means of different physical mechanisms, the expansion of H ii regions can promote the formation of new stars of all masses. RCW 120 is a nearby Galactic H ii region where triggered star formation occurs. This region is well-studied – there being a wealth of existing data – and is nearby. However, it is surrounded by dense regions for which far infrared data is essential to obtain an...

This paper reports the Suzaku results on the northeast shell of RCW 86. With the spatial and spectral analysis, we separated the X-rays into three distinct components; low (kTe ∼0.3 keV) and high (kTe ∼1.8 keV) temperature plasmas and a non-thermal component, and discovered their spatial distributions are different from each other. The low temperature plasma is dominated at the east rim, wherea...

A novel collisionless shock jump condition is suggested by modeling the entropy production at transition region. We also calculate downstream developments of atomic ionization balance and ion temperature relaxation in supernova remnants (SNRs). The injection process subsequent acceleration cosmic-rays (CRs) SNR shocks are closely related to formation shocks. caused wave-particle interactions. S...