X-ray nanobeams present the opportunity to obtain structural insight in materials with small volumes or nanoscale heterogeneity. The effective spatial resolution of the information derived from nanobeam techniques depends on the stability and precision with which the relative position of the x-ray optics and sample can be controlled. Nanobeam techniques include diffraction, imaging, and coheren...

We derive a partial-wave (Mie) expansion of the axial force exerted on a transparent sphere by a laser beam focused through a high numerical aperture objective. The results hold throughout the range of interest for practical applications. The ray optics limit is shown to follow from the Mie expansion by size averaging. Numerical plots show large deviations from ray optics near the focal region ...

The crystal lattice of single-crystal silicon gives rise to anisotropic elasticity. The stiffness and compliance coefficient matrix depend on crystal orientation and, consequently, Young's modulus, the shear modulus and Poisson's ratio as well. Computer codes (in Matlab and Python) have been developed to calculate these anisotropic elasticity parameters for a silicon crystal in any orientation....

For reflector antennas and mirrors with diameters < 50 ? Physical Optics (PO) and the Physical Theory of Diffraction (PTD) are very fast and accurate calculation methods for determining the scattered fields. In optics where the diameter of the mirrors >> 1000 ? ray tracing methods are sufficient means of determining the scattered fields. However, in the Quasi-optical range in between these wave...

Improving the resolution in x-ray microscopes is of high priority to enable future applications in nanoscience. However, high-resolution zone-plate optics often have low efficiency, which makes implementation in laboratory microscopes difficult. We present a laboratory x-ray microscope based on a compound zone plate. The compound zone plate utilizes multiple diffraction orders to achieve high r...

We have succeeded in providing stable and three-times more brilliant x-ray beams to users by combining top-up operation with low-emittance optics. The optics with the low emittance of 3nmrad was firstly applied to the user operation in November 2002. Although the low emittance provided the brilliant x-ray, the extremely short beam lifetime much disturbed the precise experiments. Moreover, the a...

XRD patterns of NIST standard reference materials were collected using a gas proportional detector and a linear Position Sensitive Detector (PSD). Incident beam optics used for data collection consisted of a polycapillary X-ray lens, a graded multilayer parabolic X-ray mirror, and programmable divergence slits. Peak position, width, and intensity were studied with respect to the different exper...

Polycapillary optics, i.e. shaped arrays consisting of hundreds of thousands of hollow glass capillary tubes, can be used to redirect, collimate or focus X-ray beams. X-rays emitted over a large angular range from conventional laboratory-based sources can be transformed into a beam with a small angular divergence or focused onto a small sample or sample area. Convergent beams of X-rays, with co...

Developments of X-ray optics for full utilization of diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs) are presented. The expected performance of DLSRs is introduced using the design parameters of SPring-8 II. To develop optical elements applicable to manipulation of coherent X-rays, advanced technologies on precise processing and metrology were invented. With propagation-based coherent X-rays at the 1...

We study the ray optics of glenses, ideal thin lenses generalised to have different objectand image-sided focal lengths, and the most general light-ray-direction-changing surfaces that stigmatically image any point in object space to a corresponding point in image space. Gabor superlenses [Gabor, UK Patent 541,753 (1940); Hembd-Sölner et al., J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 1, 94 (1999)] can be seen...