Charged surfactant bilayers deposited in thick multilayer films and swollen in vapor or in solution have been studied by coherent x-ray reflectivity. We report a pronounced static speckle pattern which persists under conditions of full hydration, despite the fact that the bilayers are fluid, relatively soft, and consisting of soluble amphiphiles (DDABr). Characteristic of the macroscopic domain...

In clinically established-absorption-based-biomedical x-ray imaging, contrast agents with high atomic numbers (e.g. iodine) are commonly used for contrast enhancement. The development of novel x-ray contrast modalities such as phase contrast and dark-field contrast opens up the possible use of alternative contrast media in x-ray imaging. We investigate using ultrasound contrast agents, which un...

We observed that diffuse interfaces sharpen rather than broaden in completely miscible ideal binary systems. This is shown in situ during heat treatments at gradually increasing temperatures by scattering of synchrotron radiation in coherent Mo/V multilayers containing initially diffuse interfaces. This effect provides a useful tool for the improvement of interfaces and offers a way to fabricat...

Serial crystallography at last generation X-ray synchrotron sources and free electron lasers enabled data collection with micrometer and even submicrometer size crystals, which have resulted in amazing progress in structural biology. However, imaging of small crystals, which although is highly demanded, remains a challenge, especially in the case of membrane protein crystals. Here we describe a...

This paper demonstrates the application of the high sensitivity, low radiation dose imaging method recently presented as phase diverse coherent diffraction imaging, to the study of biological and other weakly scattering samples. The method is applied, using X-ray illumination, to quantitative imaging of the granular precursors of underwater adhesive produced by the marine sandcastle worm, Phrag...

X-ray scattering and EXAFS are used to probe epitaxial strain in C o A u superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We observe a thickness-dependent strain in ultrathin cobalt layers and find that tensile strains near misfit dislocations may be larger than in the more coherent interior of the Co layers. A strong enhancement of the magnetic absorption spectrum is observed in the superlattice...

Calculation of radar cross section (RCS) and scattering analysis for electric-large targets located in natural environment have been under study for many years. Complexities due to large target size and multi-interactions between isolated target and surrounding random media, e.g. rough surface, make model simulation much more difficult. Instead of purely numerical computation, high frequency ap...

X-ray scattering is well established for probing the structure of matter at the atomic level in the materials sciences. In particular, coherent X-ray scattering (X-ray diffraction) has developed to become an indispensable tool for crystal structure determination. The level of technological advancement is such that, coupled with the high fluxes offered by synchrotron sources, a high degree of au...

We show that a free-electron laser oscillator generating X-ray pulses with hard X-ray wavelengths of order 0.1 nm is feasible using the presently proposed FEL-quality electron beam within the space of existing LCLS-II infrastructure when combined with a low-loss X-ray crystal cavity. In an oscillator configuration driven by the 4 GeV energy electron beam lasing at the fifth harmonic, output x-r...

Well-known radar scattering mechanisms are Rayleigh scattering (incoherent particle scattering), and clear-air scattering (coherent air scattering). This article discusses the importance in clouds of these two mechanisms compared to a third scattering mechanism: coherent particle scattering, which is caused by spatial variations in the liquid water content of the clouds. We will argue that for ...