In vivo studies suggest that the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) modulates serotonergic neurotransmission. To investigate the underlying mechanisms for this interaction, the present study examined the effects of CRF in vitro on dorsal raphe neurons that displayed electrophysiological and pharmacological properties consistent with a serotonergic phenotype. In the...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

Leptin is a secretory product of adipocytes that has been shown to affect food intake, metabolism, and reproduction. One site of leptin's action is the central nervous system, where the leptin receptor (Ob-R) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein are expressed in discrete areas. In both the rat and monkey, Ob-R mRNA has been localized in the Raphe nuclei of the brainstem. Neurons in the...

In mammalian, several evidences suggest that central serotonin participates in thermoregulation. Nucleus raphe obscurus (NRO), a serotonergic nucleus, has been recognized to be the source of generation of various hemodynamic patterns in different behavioral conditions, but its involvement in thermoregulation is unclear. In the present study, extracellular action potentials of NRO neurons were r...

The recently discovered neuropeptide orphanin FQ (OFQ), and its opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor, exhibit structural features suggestive of the micro, kappa, and delta opioid systems. The anatomic distribution of OFQ immunoreactivity and mRNA expression has been reported recently. In the present analysis, we compare the distribution of orphanin receptor mRNA expression with that of orphanin...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

In chronic smokers, nicotine withdrawal symptoms during tobacco cessation can lead to smoking relapse. rodent models, exposure elicited physical dependence, whereas acute antagonism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) immediately precipitated symptoms. Although the central serotonergic system plays an important role in withdrawal, exact raphe nuclei regulating these remain unknown. We...