Pure water has a pH of 7.0 (neutral); however, natural, unpolluted rainwater actually has a pH of about 5.6 (acidic).[Recall from Experiment 1 that pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.] The acidity of rainwater comes from the natural presence of three substances (CO2, NO, and SO2) found in the troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere). As is seen in Table I, carbon dio...

Gamma model parameters using 2nd, 3rd and 4th moments are calculated from the drop size data of Singapore. The gamma model is simplified into two parameter model by finding a relation between the shape and slope parameters, μ and Λ. Due to the poor correlation found between μ and Λ, the drop size data is filtered based on their rain rates before a good correlation between the two parameters can...

The authors develop and apply an algorithm to define coherent areas of precipitation, emphasizing mesoscale convection, and compare properties of these areas with observations obtained from NCEP stage-IV precipitation analyses (gauge and radar combined). In Part II, fully explicit 12–36-h forecasts of rainfall from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) are evaluated. These forecasts ...

Rain removal from a single image is a challenge which has been studied for a long time. In this paper, a novel convolutional neural network based on wavelet and dark channel is proposed. On one hand, we think that rain streaks correspond to high frequency component of the image. Therefore, haar wavelet transform is a good choice to separate the rain streaks and background to some extent. More s...

Since relatively little is known about the effects of acid precipitation on growth and productivity of crop plants, a crop survey was initiated to study effects of H 2SO 4 rain simulants on growth, yield, and quality of selected crops which were chosen to represent diverse taxo nomic groups and crop products. Yield responses of 28 crop cultivars were examined. Plants were grown in pots in field...

Until recently, the scientific consensus has been that acid-rain-watershed interactions are those of processes which predominate in deep, well-drained mineral soil and the waters derived from them. In such watersheds alkaline minerals dissolve to naturally impart alkalinity to surface waters and normally acid components in rain would be neutralized. Furthermore, the sulfate of the sulfuric acid...

This study investigated the effect of rain-shelter cultivation on the biosynthesis of flavonoids and volatiles in grapes, with an aim of determining whether rain-shelter application could help to improve the sensory attributes and quality of grapes. Vitis vinifera L. Chardonnay grapes, grown in the Huaizhuo basin region of northern China, were selected within two consecutive years. A rain-shelt...

[1] We examined the effects of snow, event size, basin size, and forest harvest on floods using >1000 peak discharge events from 1953 to 2006 from three small (<1 km), paired‐watershed forest‐harvest experiments and six large (60–600 km) basins spanning the transient (400–800 m) and seasonal (>800 m) snow zones in the western Cascades of Oregon. Retrospectively classified rain‐on‐snow events de...