Greater than half of all the fatal injuries on United States railroads are sustained by trespassers. The paper provides a statistical analysis of the demographics of trespassers, the activities they were engaged in, and the causes of injury. It also analyzes trends over time. The paper finds that the risks of injury and death are particularly acute for males in their 20s and 30s. The annual cas...

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to summarize bladder cancer risk in motor vehicle drivers and railroad workers using meta-analysis techniques. METHODS We retrieved all published results (3 cohort studies and 27 case-control studies) during 1977-2008. We assessed the heterogeneity of the results assuming a fixed-effect model. For cohort studies, the observed and the expected number of case...

T hirty years ago, our paper entitled “The High Cost of Regulating U.S. Railroads” (Regulation, January/ February 1981) appeared in this journal. At the time, the Staggers Act had just been signed into law. Our paper provided an analysis of the U.S. railroad industry’s performance for the generation immediately preceding the legislation. We focused on the cost of pre-Staggers regulation and dre...

We describe competition over space between a competitive shipping industry (truck-barge) and one with market power (the railroad). The latter prices so as to "beat the competition" in equilibrium, or else at the monopoly price, if that is lower. The monopoly price rises more slowly than do the costs of transportation (freight absorption) if the spatial demand at each point is log-concave. With ...

We investigated the relationship between railroad station and areal population density in Japan. A cross-sectional analysis and a series of longitudinal analysis on the station development and changes in population density are conducted. The overall trend of higher density near the station is observed with a relatively high level of variance. Also, it is pointed out that railroad service is nec...

(Open) Standards Wars In “The Art of Standards Wars,” Robert Shapiro gives a brief overview of several major standards wars in business history. The oldest one he mentions is the battle over standard railroad gauge between the Northern and Southern United States. The development of railroads in the United States was done with little coordination, so that by 1860, there were seven different rail...