The phase out of R22 as working media in refrigerating machines and heat pumps in Sweden began in 1998 with a stop for new installations. From January 1st 2002 a refill stop takes effect. A project called Replacement of R22 in new and existing facilities – energy efficiency, economy and environmental consequences within the Swedish Energy Administrations research programme Climate 21 (Klimat 21...

In this study, convective boiling behaviors of refrigerants (R22, R134a, R290, R404a, R410a, R600, R507, R717, and R744) are compared with existing flow correlations. Flow heat transfer rates under the primary influences vapor quality mass flux plotted experimental results that extracted from literature. A statistical approach is introduced for error analysis a valid correlation proposed each r...

In the title compound, C20H16Cl2N2O2, the indazole ring system is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.033 (1) Å], its mean plane is oriented at dihedral angles of 25.04 (4) and 5.10 (4)° to the furan and benzene rings, respectively. In the crystal, pairs of C-Hind⋯Obo (ind = indazole and bo = benz-yloxy) hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into centrosymmetric dimers with graph-set motif...

The mononuclear mixed-ligand title complex, [CuCl(C7H7N3O2S)(C18H15P)2], displays a distorted tetra-hedral coordination sphere around the CuI atom, with two P atoms from two tri-phenyl-phosphane mol-ecules, one terminal S atom from a 1-(4-nitro-phen-yl)thio-urea mol-ecule and a chloride ion as ligands. An intra-molecular N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bond stabilizes the mol-ecular conformation [graph-set mot...

It is well-known that HCFC refrigerants widely used in today’s air conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) industry will soon be phased out, mainly due to their ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) and global warming potentials (GWPs). The timetable established through international agreement and national legislation calls for a 65% reduction of HCFC consumption based on 1989 level by January 1, 201...

We report the optical and dielectric properties in hafnium (Hf)-doped lithium niobate (LN) crystals. We investigated samples of congruent composition with various doping concentration varying from 0 to 8 mol%. The clamped and unclamped values of the electrooptic coefficient r22 of Hf-doped LN and the corresponding dielectric permittivity as well, have been experimentally determined and compared...

This article investigates the behavioral drivers of pasture creation and associated implications for deforestation in a 22,000 km2 agricultural frontier spanning the base of Mexico‘s southern Yucatán. After developing a theoretical model that highlights the role of social networks and information spillovers with respect to the decision to begin cattle ranching, we use household data to estimate...

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H18N2O4, contains two independent mol-ecules (A and B) which have essentially the same conformation. The piperazine rings adopts chair conformations with the N atoms out of plane. The dihedral angles formed by the four approximately planar C atoms of the piperazine ring and the benzene ring is 30.8 (5)° in mol-ecule A and 30.6 (5)° in mol-ecule B. I...

The title compound, C20H27N3O, was synthesized by condensation reaction of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hy-droxy-benzaldehyde and 2-hydrazinyl-pyridine, and crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group C2/c. The conformation about the C=N bond is E. The dihedral angle between the rings is 18.1 (3)°. An inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an R22(8) ring motif. In the crystal, N-H⋯...