The audience for this toolkit is World Bank Task Managers and their counterparts in other organizations—those who, in response to requests, go to countries, assess the problems, design projects to address these problems, and implement or supervise these projects. Most World Bank staff are already overloaded with work and do not have the time to read material that is impractical or researchorien...

Without measurement, forward progress would not be possible in educational or other research contexts. Measurement, the process by which a variable is operationalized for the purpose of describing that variable in a quantitative manner (Hills, 1981; Kane, 2001), serves as the link between questions and answers. While the process of measurement bridges the gap between research objectives/questio...

This paper uses data from two online shopping platforms to investigate the economic implications of the Q&A system. This research problem becomes increasingly important as many websites start to adopt the Q&A system. Yet, its economic implications have not been discussed in the previous literature. We employ the difference-in-differences analysis to examine the effect of Q&A elements on product...

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