any change in the refractive index of a laser active medium can lead to serious degradation of beam quality, laser beam modes, laser performance and variation in the intensity distribution. alteration in the refractive index of laser active medium is especially notable in high power lasers. it is clear that in the laser beam production, the pumping agent induces a great amount of heat which...

legal establishment of court is the birth of social life; each person should define him/herself against others offence or violation. when a society forms and the legal character appears, the thought of society refers to a person name prosecuting attorney who is the president of the court for defending his/her rights. prosecuting attorney remindterms such as court, crime and punishment. accordi...

چکیده مقدمه : پژوهش حاضر با هدف ترجمه و تعیین پایایی و روایی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه ژنریک " شاخص کیفیت زندگی"(quality of life index) برای اندازه گیری کیفیت زندگی در ایران طراحی و انجام شد. روش : پس از اخذ اجازه از طراحان پرسشنامه ، بر اساس روش توصیه شده forward-backward، پرسشنامه مذکور ترجمه و در مطالعه ای آزمایشی به کار برده شد و پس از اعمال تغییرات لازم، پرسشنامه نهایی در بین 130 نفر از دانش...

1. to determine whether difference in birth body mass influenced growth performance in pipistrellus kuhlii we studied a total of 12 captive-born neonates. bats were assigned to two body mass groups: light birth body mass (lbw: 0.89 ± 0.05, n=8) and heavy birth body mass (hbw: 1.35 ± 0.08, n=4). heavier body mass at birth was associated with rapid postnatal growth (body mass and forearm length) ...

testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...