The papaya plant Carica papaya (family: Caricaceae), locally known as Papita, is cultivated commonly in different parts of Sindh-Pakistan specially in Karachi. It was reported hermaphrodite. Recently it has been reported to be an important plant, due to having X and Y chromosomes. As it has been already reported that the papaya sex chromosomes have virtually all of the features that the human s...

Elucidating the molecular mechanisms that created ancient complex traits like insect wings is difficult. Fortunately, some complex traits have arisen recently. For example, hermaphroditic reproduction evolved independently many times during recent nematode evolution. Although C. elegans hermaphrodites require fog-2, which encodes an F box protein that regulates the translation of tra-2 mRNAs, t...

Males of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are shorter lived than hermaphrodites when maintained in single-sex groups. We observed that groups of young males form clumps and that solitary males live longer, indicating that male-male interactions reduce life span. By contrast, grouped or isolated hermaphrodites exhibited the same longevity. In one wild isolate of C. elegans, AB2, there was evi...

The ancestry of the cells in the hermaphrodite and male gonadal somatic structures of C. elegans has been traced from the two gonadal somatic progenitor cells (Zl and 24) that are present in the newly hatched larvae of both sexes. The lineages of Zl and 24 are essentially invariant. In hermaphrodites, they give rise to a symmetrical group of structures consisting of 143 cells, and in males, the...

Mating behavior of animals is regulated by the sensory stimuli provided by the other sex. Sexually receptive females emit mating signals that can be inhibited by male ejaculate. The genetic mechanisms controlling the release of mating signals and encoding behavioral responses remain enigmatic. Here we present evidence of a Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite-derived cue that stimulates male ma...

In wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans, the hermaphrodite gonad is a symmetrical structure, whereas the male gonad is asymmetric. Two cellular processes are critical for the generation of these sexually dimorphic gonadal shapes during early larval development. First, regulatory "leader" cells that control tube extension and gonadal shape are generated. Second, the somatic gonadal precursor cells m...

The modification of transcriptional regulation is a well-documented evolutionary mechanism in both plants and animals, but post-transcriptional controls have received less attention. The derived hermaphrodite of C. elegans has regulated spermatogenesis in an otherwise female body. The PUF family RNA-binding proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2 limit XX spermatogenesis by repressing the male-promoting prote...

A two-year field experiment was initiated in 2017-18 and 2018-19 years simultaneously to assess temperature on flower morphogenesis stages, sex ratio (hermaphrodite/staminate male flower) fruit set monoembryonic Langra Amrapali varieties. Different dates of phenological stages viz., bud, panicle, bloom initiation, pea, marble, egg, maturity fruits were recorded. The variety exhibited bud initia...