medicine, because they are "personal biographies". The "ideas and methods" of these civil servants were part of the lives of real people: the impersonal and impassioned Chadwick and the diplomatic but authoritarian Simon. Finer's account of the scandal of the Andover workhouse for example displays vividly the working of Victorian government through the personal frustrations of Chadwick. Amongst...

In January 2003, United States President George W. Bush announced the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the appropriation of $15 billion dollars for programs to combat the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, in his State of the Union address. Congress responded with the legislative authorization for the plan, the United States Leadership Against Global HIV/ AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Mala...