designers draw diagrams to think about architectural concepts and design concerns. scientists are interested in programming computers to recognize and interpret design diagrams to deliver appropriate tools for the design task at hand. researchers conducted empirical studies to find out if designers share drawing conventions when designing. the experiment results show that designers use differen...

the interaction between users and products, is one of the key factors in design process and assessment of products too. because design for user’s perception, is a specific and technical issue. designers refer to psychology and psychological theories to understand how on the one hand, form and other physical characteristics, and on the other hand, user intentions and values, affect the interacti...

Design process is a key process in forming of product’s cost and if we notify to total design we will see all of the effective parameters in design activities. Design process is contented design planning, design inputs, design outputs, design review, design verification, design validation and design changes. This approach will help us to identify the cost parameters for managing, controlling an...

In this research, Performance-Based Plastic Design (PBPD) method has been modified according to the proposed method for considering Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) effects. In the proposed modified method, based on the existing relationships and in order to maintain the simplicity of the PBPD design method, two important parameters have been modified in the PBPD design method. These two parame...

Fab-less business model in semiconductor industry has led to serious concerns about trustworthy hardware. In untrusted foundries and manufacturing companies, submitted layout may be analyzed and reverse engineered to steal the information of a design or insert malicious Trojans. Understanding the netlist topology is the ultimate goal of the reverse engineering process. In this paper, we propose...

Purpose Process redesign refers to the intentional change of business processes. While process methods provide structure projects, they limited support during actual creation to-be More specifically, existing approaches hardly develop an ontological perspective on what can be changed from a design point view, and procedural guidance how derive possible alternatives. This paper aims structured c...