The objective of this paper was to study the changes of some cytokines and neuroendocrine hormones in vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs that were naturally infected by a PRRSV-1 (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) heterologous field strain. We analyzed gene expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6), pro-immune (IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in ...

Abstract The nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1) is a member of the orphan hormone family whose expression has been associated with several inflammatory diseases. Macrophages are key regulators processes, yet information about role Nurr1 in human macrophages limited. In present study we examined and activity steady state activated monocyte-derived macrophages. Pro- anti-inflammatory were...

UNLABELLED One proposed mechanism for the association between social isolation and poor health outcomes is inflammation. Lonely or socially disconnected individuals show greater inflammatory responses, including up-regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression, and people who are sensitive to cues of social disconnection (e.g., high levels of anxious attachment) exhibit greater inflammation in...

Increased levels of pro-inflammatory markers and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory markers in the breast tissue can result in local inflammation. We aimed to investigate whether local inflammation in the breast tissue is associated with age-related lobular involution, a process inversely related to breast cancer risk. Levels of eleven pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were assessed by immu...

The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium have been implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In fact, inflammatory responses in vascular endothelium are primarily regulated through oxidative stress-mediated signaling pathways leading to overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Enhanced expression of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion mo...

Metabolism and immune responses have been shown to be closely linked and as our understanding increases, so do the intricacies of the level of linkage. NAD(+) has previously been shown to regulate tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis and TNF-α has been shown to regulate NAD(+) homoeostasis providing a link between a pro-inflammatory response and redox status. In the present study, we have...

In obesity, persistent low-grade inflammation is considered as a major contributor towards the progression to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes while in lean subjects the immune environment is non-inflammatory. Massive adipose tissue (AT) infiltration by pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and several T cell subsets as obesity develops leads to the accumulation - both in the AT and systemicall...

It is widely accepted that chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity. Researchers have recently discovered that increased inflammatory cytokines and the infiltration and activation of macrophage cells in the adipose tissue are related to chronic obesity. This immunologic dysregulation has led to the development of the classical pro-inflammatory paradigm. However, since chr...

Diets rich in SFA have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is strong evidence to suggest that microglial activation augments the progression of AD. However, it remains uncertain whether SFA can initiate microglial activation and whether this response can cause neuronal death. Using the BV-2 microglial cell line and primary microglial culture, we showed that palmitic acid (PA) and...

periodontitis (pd) is known to be one of most prevalent worldwide chronic inflammatory diseases. there are several treatments including antibiotics for pd; however, since drug resistance is an increasing problem, new drugs particularly derived from plants with fewer side effects are required. the effects of trans-anethole on il-1 β and tnf-α level in a rat model of pd were investigated and comp...