OVPN (Optical Virtual Private Network) over IP (Internet Protocol)/GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching) over DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) technology with QoS assurances is considered as a promising approach for the next generation OVPN. In this paper, we suggest a multicast OLSP (Optical Label Switched Path) establishment mechanism for supporting high bandwidth mu...

The ex ante incentive compatible core of an exchange economy with private information is the (standard) core of a socially designed characteristic function, which expresses the fact that coalitions allocate goods by means of random incentive compatible mechanisms. We …rst survey some results in the case of perfectly divisible goods. Examples then show that the ex ante incentive compatible core ...

Immigration and Public Spending We examine the effect of immigration on public spending from a theoretical (political economic) and an empirical perspective. We distinguish between public spending on private goods and on public goods. Our model implies that whether immigration increases or decreases public spending primarily depends on native’s preferences for private versus public good spendin...

The standards developed within the formal, traditional standard developing organisations (SDOs) were regarded by economists as public goods, i.e. goods whose benefits are available to everyone, and from which no one can be excluded and no one can fully appropriate the benefits (David & Shurmer, 1996; Kindleberger, 1983). However, with the advent of private consortia during the last decades, ves...

the theoretical base of this paper is the economic growth model that completed with capital stocks (private and public) and human capital. at the first, hypothesis test about constant returns to scale is studied, and then the related variables with macroeconomic policies are added to the model. the results show that 1) the aggregate production function exhibits increasing returns to scale, 2) p...

Using weekly retail transaction scanner price data from a large U.S supermarket chain, we find significantly higher retail price rigidity for private label products than for nationally branded products during the Christmas and Thanksgiving holiday periods relative to the rest of the year. The finding cannot be explained by changes in holiday period promotional practices because we find that pri...

We address machine prediction of an individual’s label (private or public) for a given image. This problem is difficult due to user subjectivity and inadequate labeled examples to train individual, personalized models. It is also time and space consuming to train a classifier for each user. We propose a Group-Based Personalized Model for image privacy classification in online social media sites...