Hume's is/ought distinction has long limited the role of empirical research in ethics, saying that data about what something is cannot yield conclusions about the way things ought to be. However, interest in empirical research in ethics has been growing despite this countervailing principle. We attribute some of this increased interest to a conceptual breakdown of the is/ought distinction. MacI...

Clustering is a central technique in NLP. Consequently, clustering evaluation is of great importance. Many clustering algorithms are evaluated by their success in tagging corpus tokens. In this paper we discuss type level evaluation, which reflects class membership only and is independent of the token statistics of a particular reference corpus. Type level evaluation casts light on the merits o...

Experimental examination of the gyroscopic and rotary inertia effects on the chatter boundary in a milling operation is the chief aim of this article. The equations of motion of the tool vibration are derived based on Timoshenko beam theory and Hamilton principle by considering gyroscopic moment, rotary inertia, velocity-dependent process damping and radial immersion effect. For a range of dept...

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In response, while I may concede that for the purpose of theoretical tidiness it might be desirable to keep the distinction between the ex ante principle of gentleness and the ex post principle of punitive proportionality maximally clear and unambiguous, I would have to say that I still regard them as similar with respect to their substantive, moral essence. Block justifiably qualifies the prin...

Grice’s Cooperative Principle is an assumed basic concept in pragmatics, yet its interpretation is often problematic. The use of the word ‘cooperative’ seems to lead to a confusion between Grice’s technical notion and the general meaning associated with the lexeme cooperation, leading to what we term ‘cooperation drift’. We argue that these misinterpretations stem, in part, from the relocation ...

In this article we derive a strong version of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle for general nonlinear optimal control problems on time scales in finite dimension. The final time can be fixed or not, and in the case of general boundary conditions we derive the corresponding transversality conditions. Our proof is based on Ekeland’s variational principle. Our statement and comments clearly show th...

Our image sequence interpretation process, which generates conceptual descriptions of the behaviour of vehicles in real-world traac scenes, essentially treated only a single vehicle (the agent) so far. Simultaneous behaviours of other vehicles in the scene have been formulated only relative to the agent. The approach discussed in this contribution allows us to quantify occurrences and thus to g...

We discuss a range of in vitro and in vivo approaches to deep lexical acquisition, and evaluate a representative sample of each in learning lexical items for a precision grammar. Evaluation focuses particularly on determining the effectiveness of each method at the token and type level, and over the four basic word classes of English. Each method is shown to have particular strengths and weakne...