the rapid and intensive progress in science and technology in the world, despite its abundant advantages and gifts of welfare and comfort for the mankind, in many ways, it has pushed human security to face grave tragic events. to give an example, the progress in chemistry before the great war, made it possible to produce and use toxic gases including phosgene gas causing enormous deaths of both...

We want to show the difference between the degrees of possibilities (or necessities) and the degrees of belief (or plausibility). The overall principle is that the degrees of possibilities and necessities are the extensions of the modal concept of possibility and necessity whereas degrees of belief and plausibility are related to a language at a metalevel. Two models are considered: the transfe...

Harry Frankfurt’s article, “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility,” triggered a huge literature discussing whether Frankfurt presents a case (or perhaps a template for a case) in which an individual is morally responsible for behavior that he or she could not have avoided.1 In his seminal article (which in a sense goes back to an example originally presented by John Locke in An Essay...

In this paper we investigate the object-oriented notion of subtyping in the context of behavioural formalisms. Subtyping in OO-formalisms is closely related to the concept of inheritance. The central issue in the choice of subtyping relations among classes is the principle of substitutability: an instance of the subtype should be usable wherever an instance of the supertype was expected. Depend...

DNA computing is an alternative method of performing computations. DNA computing is fundamentally similar to parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once. In case of classical computing, we use electronic logic gates which allow for storing and transforming information. Designing of an appropriate sequence or a ...

TCP congestion control protocols have low performances in high speed wide area networks mainly because their slow response with large congestion windows. This TCP behavior has initiated new design phase of alternative protocols that provide improved traffic utilization in high bandwidth delay product networks. The paper presents survey of various high speed sender side congestion control propos...