Making the “right” pricing decision in sales or procurement is a complex task. While the types of pricing policies/methods used in the exchange of goods and services vary greatly, we can divide these mechanisms under two broad categories: posted price mechanisms and price discovery mechanisms. Under a posted price mechanism, a good is sold at a take-it-or-leave-it price determined by the seller...

A common feature of low-price guarantees is that they allow consumers to postpone bargain-hunting until after the purchase. This paper addresses a number of questions concerning the adoption pattern of price-matching and price-beating guarantees with post-purchase search and their impacts on market prices. It is shown that low-price guarantees are offered by low-cost firms, and are associated w...

BACKGROUND Rapidly evolving socioeconomic and technological trends make it challenging to improve access, effectiveness and efficiency in the use of pharmaceuticals. This paper identifies and systematically classifies the prevailing pharmaceutical policies worldwide in relation to a country's income status. METHODS A literature search was undertaken to identify and taxonomize prevailing polic...

Note. This original form of this rebuttal was submitted to Science on 3 March 2017 (limited to 300 words as per Science editorial policy) but rejected on 13 March 2017. Herein, we elaborate on our original Science submission in order to more fully address the issue without the length limitations. This rebuttal is followed by the list of the signatories who supported our original submission.

the subject of monetary policy orientation and tailoring a framework within which the credibility and desirability of the policies and the policy makers is enhanced, while the most important goal of policies, i.e reaching to and preserving a low and stable inflation rate is achieved, has recently been a controversial issue for a large number of economists. in fact the necessity arised since the...

High price volatility in agricultural food markets has a greater impact not only on smallholder farmers but also can affect the incomes and purchasing power of substantial proportion Tanzanian population decrease security, especially to lower middle class. This study applies ARCH-GARCH VAR/VECM models examine dynamics factors influencing domestic rice market. The results analysis show that pric...

Keywords: Approximate dynamic programming Artificial neural networks Cross-price elasticity Markdown optimization Dynamic pricing Aggregation a b s t r a c t Markdown policies for product groups having significant cross-price elasticity among each other should be jointly determined. However, finding optimal policies for product groups becomes computationally intractable as the number of product...

The importance of drug as a valuable export product in the global economy becomes more clear every day. Understanding the problems of exports and factors affecting it, can be an important step to keep Iran’s position in the world markets and further export development of this product.In this study, Iranian pharmaceutical exports’ supply and demand functions were calculated using co-integration ...