The basic concept of Intracranial Pressure and its elivation in pathological conditions is discussed. The e&ects of Barbiturates, Corticosteroids, Furosamide, man-nitol, urea hyperventilation and hypothermia are mentioned. Experimental data from the published literature are reported. The brain, by virtue of the fact that it is encased in a container with rigid walls, is unique among the organs ...

This review examines the available evidence for targeting a specific mean arterial pressure (MAP) in sepsis resuscitation. The clinical data suggest that targeting an MAP of 65-70 mmHg in patients with septic shock who do not have chronic hypertension is a reasonable first approximation. Whereas in patients with chronic hypertension, targeting a higher MAP of 80-85 mmHg minimizes renal injury, ...

A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to the skin or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of unrelieved pressure. Predisposing factors are classified as intrinsic (e.g., limited mobility, poor nutrition, comorbidities, aging skin) or extrinsic (e.g., pressure, friction, shear, moisture). Prevention includes identifying at-risk persons and implementing specific prevent...

OPINION STATEMENT Elevated blood pressure (BP), which presents in approximately 80 % of patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), is associated with increased risk of poor outcome. The Second Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT2) study, a multinational, multicenter, randomized controlled trial published in 2013, demonstrated better function...

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a pathologic state common to a variety of serious neurologic conditions, all of which are characterized by the addition of volume to the intracranial vault. Hence all ICP therapies are directed toward reducing intracranial volume. Elevated ICP can lead to brain damage or death by two principle mechanisms: (1) global hypoxic-ischemic injury, which results...

Pressure ulcers represent complex wounds that are difficult to prevent or manage. Guidelines for prevention include identifying patients at risk, reducing the effect of pressure, friction, shear forces, and assessing co-morbidities such as nutritional status. Management should follow eight treatment strategies including accurately assessing the ulcer, relieving pressure, assessing pain and nutr...

Perioperative blood pressure management is a key factor of patient care for anesthetists, as perioperative hemodynamic instability is associated with cardiovascular complications. Hypertension is an independent predictive factor of cardiac adverse events in noncardiac surgery. Intraoperative hypotension is one of the most encountered factors associated with death related to anesthesia. In the p...

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a serious complication of a variety of neurologic injuries and is a major challenge in intensive care units. The most common causes of increased ICP are: traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, neoplasms, hydrocephalus, hepatic encephalopathy, CNS venous return impairment, encephalitis, and abscesses. Prompt diagnosis and intensive monitoring and therapy o...

Primary neurological injury in children can be induced by diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors including brain trauma, tumors, and intracranial infections. Regardless of etiology, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) as a result of the primary injury or delays in treatment may lead to secondary (preventable) brain injury. Therefore, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of increased ICP ...