Carbonation is one of the major deteriorations that accelerate steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Many mathematical/numerical models of the carbonation process, primarily diffusion-reaction models, have been established to predict the carbonation depth. However, the mass transfer of carbon dioxide in porous concrete includes molecular diffusion and convection mass transfer. In p...

The effects of large winds on the low-latitude E region ionosphere and the equatorial electrojet in particular are analyzed theoretically, computationally, and experimentally. The principles that govern the relationship between electric fields, currents, and winds in steady flows in the ionosphere are reviewed formally. A three-dimensional numerical model of low latitude ionospheric electrostat...

[1] Three-dimensional multifluid simulations of the solar wind interaction with a magnetized Mars are used to determine both the effect of the crustal magnetic field on ionospheric loss rate and the ionospheric loss rate as a function of solar wind conditions. Ionospheric losses on the order of 10 O2 + ions per second are found for quiet solar wind conditions. This is of the same order as that ...

Abstract: One of the tools for maintaining environmental sustainability is transformation from fossil-based energy sources to renewable energy sources in energy consumption. Among renewable energy alternatives, wind energy is the most prominent and reliable energy source for fulfilling energy demand. Traditional investment evaluation techniques based on discounted cash flows are not capable of ...