The Bayer Process (for alumina) as we know it today involves two steps: • The pressure leaching of bauxite with NaOH solution to obtain sodium aluminate solution. • The precipitation of pure aluminum hydroxide from this solution by seeding with fine crystals of Al(OH)3 . The leaching step was invented five years after the precipitation step (Table 1), and the precipitation step was an improveme...

The variability of summer precipitation in the southeastern United States is examined in this study using 60-yr (1948–2007) rainfall data. The Southeast summer rainfalls exhibited higher interannual variability with more intense summer droughts and anomalous wetness in the recent 30 years (1978–2007) than in the prior 30 years (1948–77). Such intensification of summer rainfall variability was c...

This study examines the observed interannual variability of the cyclonic activity along the U.S. Pacific coast and quantifies its impact on the characteristics of both the winter total and extreme precipitation in the western United States. A cyclonic activity function (CAF) was derived from a dataset of objectively identified cyclone tracks in 27 winters (1979/80–2005/06). The leading empirica...

Daily precipitation samples for stable isotope analysis were collected throughout 2003 at Dome Fuji Station, inland East Antarctica. Stable isotopes show significantly depleted values with a large seasonal variability, which have never been obtained. Temporal changes in δ–T relation and d–excess are consistent with those found in geographical distribution. Precipitation was obtained almost ever...

[1] Studies of extreme precipitation have documented changes at the continental scale during the twentieth century, but few studies have quantified changes at small to regional spatial scales during the same time. We analyze historic data from over 600 precipitation stations in the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA), California, to assess whether there have been statistically significant changes in ...

Aerosol effects on condensed water and precipitation in a tropical cloud system driven by deep convective clouds are investigated for two-dimensional simulations of 2-day duration. Although an assumed 10-fold increase in aerosol concentration results in a similar temporal evolution of mean precipitation and a small (9 %) difference in cumulative precipitation between the highand low-aerosol cas...

A comparison is made of the relative effectiveness of the cyclonic circulation pattern a t four different tropospheric levels in specifying winter precipitation over the intermountain area of the western United States. This is accomplished by developing the synoptic climatology of precipitation resulting from Lows a t the 850-, 700-, 500-, and 300-mb. levels. Twelve-hr. precipitation amounts (e...

Seasonal forecasts run by the Eta Model over South America were evaluated with respect to precipitation predictability at different time scales, seasonal, monthly and weekly for one-year period runs. The model domain was configured over most of South America in 40 km horizontal resolution and 38 layers. The lateral boundary conditions were taken from CPTEC GCM forecasts at T62L28. The sea surfa...

Abstract This study investigates the future changes in precipitation extreme indices Lake Urmia Basin during period 2021–2100 compared to base (1987–2016), based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. Trend analysis was performed using Mann–Kendall test and Sen's estimator. The output of these models downscaled by Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator method for repre...