In the fuzzy arithmetic, the definitions of addition and multiplication of fuzzy numbers are based on Zadeh’s extension principle. From theoretical and practical points of view, this multiplication of fuzzy numbers owns several unnatural properties. Recently, to avoid this shortcoming, a new multiplicative operation of product type is introduced, the so-called cross-product of fuzzy numbers. Th...

sometimes there comes a pronoun after a common [individual], which has apparently been used as the object of a legal decision (ḥukm), and by means of external evidence, the certainty is achieved that this pronoun refers to some common individuals. then, the question arises as to whether reference of the pronoun to some common individuals would cause its designation or the common generality cont...

As a vital and integrated part of the radio-frequency identification (RFID) system, RFID antennas have been received much attention over years, and their design is very urgent and significant. In fact, the development of RFID antenna is of theoretical significance and practical value for the RFID system. In this chapter, the RFID technology is briefly introduced, and the operating principle of ...

Diagnostic interpretation at auscultation of heart murmurs is accompanied by frequent errors. It creates serious clinical, pedagogical, organizational and social problems. The standard nosological principle of a clinical information description from the diagnosis (a disease name) to the description of symptoms/signs contradicts to real clinical practice from revealing of symptoms through differ...

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studying gaussian beam is a method to investigate laser beam propagation and abcd matrix is a fast and simple method to simulate gaussian beam propagation in different mediums. of the abcd matrices studied so far, reflection and refraction matrices at various surfaces have attracted a lot of researches. however in previous work the incident beam and the principle axis of surface are in parallel...

This study aimed to evidence the interface between the municipal healthcare regulation service and the practical realization of the equity principle, based on the experience of the professionals involved in this sector. The methodology was the case study, with techniques of focal group, participant observation and documental analysis, from September to November 2013. The challenges of healthcar...

Support Vector Machine (SVM) employs Structural Risk Minimization (SRM) principle to generalize better than conventional machine learning methods employing the traditional Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) principle. When applying SVM to response modeling in direct marketing, however, one has to deal with the practical difficulties: large training data, class imbalance and binary SVM output. Th...

Occam’s razor states that out of possible explanations, plans, and designs, we should select the simplest one. It turns out that in many practical situations, the simplest explanation indeed turns out to be the correct one, the simplest plan is often the most successful, etc. But why this happens is not very clear. In this paper, we provide a simple geometric explanation of Occam’s razor. 1 For...