This paper examines complex models of the associations between family income, material hardship, parenting, and school readiness among White, Black, and Hispanic 6-year-olds, using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K). It is critical to test the universality of such complex models, particularly given their implications for intervention, prevention, and public poli...

BACKGROUND Many health systems in Africa are funded primarily through out-of-pocket payments. Out-of-pocket payments prevent people from seeking care, can result to catastrophic health spending and lead to impoverishment. This paper estimates the burden of out-of-pocket payments in Kenya; the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health care expenditure and the effect of health spending on na...

background: poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that can be defined in both economic and social terms. the paper attempts to review existing evidence to understand the relation between poverty and ill health in the context of the limited conceptual and operational definitions of these terms. the paper uses two of hills criteria- reversibility and dose response relationship to understand th...

poverty, in general and women’s poverty in particular is among social problems which has been subject to be mitigated through measures. the results of statistics based studies show that poverty and injustice is more prevalent in rural areas than cities and more common among women than men. the research aims to study the social and cultural causes of women’s poverty through the qualitative appro...