Livestock, particularly ruminants, can eat a wider range of biomass than humans. In the drive for greater efficiency, intensive systems of livestock production have evolved to compete with humans for high-energy crops such as cereals. Feeds consumed by livestock were analysed in terms of the quantities used and efficiency of conversion of grassland, human-edible ('edible') crops and crop by-pro...

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pistachio by-products was immersed in four liters of water for 48 h. Then, pistachio by-products were removed from the water and ...

This is second part from an experiment where the nitrogen retention of poultry by-product meal (PBM) compared to fishmeal (FM) was evaluated using traditional indices. Here a quantitative method using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ(15)N values) as natural tracers of nitrogen incorporation into fish biomass is assessed. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed for 80 days on i...

A series of assays were conducted to determine to the available energy of several meat and bone meal products by various methods. The correct determination of the energy available to poultry from these products is important for accurate diet formulation and product usage. Several methods for determining energy availability are utilized, including true metabolizable energy (TME) and excreta and ...

Global consumption of poultry products, especially poultry meat, has consistently increased over the years, and this trend is expected to continue. Much of the increase in global demand for poultry products will be in developing countries. Such growth in the poultry industry is having a profound effect on the demand for feed and raw materials. However, it is also becoming clear that the require...

The effects on liver and intestinal histomorphology microbiota in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed diets that contained poultry by-product meal (PBM) hydrolyzed feather (HFM) as fishmeal replacements were studied. Fish a series of isonitrogenous isoenergetic diets, where protein the control diet (FM diet) was replaced by either PBM or HFM at 25%, 50% 100% without amino acid supplementation...