The relations among swing, stance and step durations for the fore and hind limbs were investigated. Registration of the swing and stance phases was performed by the opening and closing of an electrical circuit as the cat moved along the conductive pathway. In the walking animal, longer swing and shorter stance durations for hind limbs, in comparison with the fore limbs, were observed. However, ...

When walking (at moderate or fast speeds) or running, humans apply a burst hip torque to start leg swing and then again, at the end of the swing phase, to brake and reverse motion of their swing leg prior to heel-strike. The resulting rearward rotation of the swing leg, so called swingleg retraction, is also observed in animal gaits. Why is this retraction a common feature of many walking and r...

To quantify the energetic cost of maintaining lateral balance during human running, we provided external lateral stabilization (LS) while running with and without arm swing and measured changes in energetic cost and step width variability (indicator of lateral balance). We hypothesized that external LS would reduce energetic cost and step width variability of running (3.0 m/s), both with and wi...

This paper proposes a novel anti-swing control strategy for an overhead crane. The controller includes both position regulation and anti-swing control. Since the crane model is not exactly known, fuzzy rules are used to compensate friction, gravity as well as the coupling between position and anti-swing control. A high-gain observer is introduced to estimate the joint velocities to realize PD c...

Observational research suggests that in children with cerebral palsy, the altered arm swing is linked to instability during walking. Therefore, the current study investigates whether children with cerebral palsy use their arms more than typically developing children, to enhance gait stability. Evidence also suggests an influence of walking speed on gait stability. Moreover, previous research hi...

In walking, humans prefer a moderate step width that minimizes energetic cost and vary step width from step-to-step to maintain lateral balance. Arm swing also reduces energetic cost and improves lateral balance. In running, humans prefer a narrow step width that may present a challenge for maintaining lateral balance. However, arm swing in running may improve lateral balance and help reduce en...

Human motor control is based on complex sensorimotor processes. Recent research has shown that neuromuscular activity of the craniomandibular system (CMS) might affect human motor control. In particular, improvements in postural stability and muscle strength have been observed as a result of voluntary jaw clenching. Potential benefits of jaw aligning appliances on muscle strength and golf perfo...

This is the second part of a three-part paper. It extends to the free walking results of a previous work on postural equilibrium of a lower limb exoskeleton for rehabilitation exercises. A classical approach has been adopted to design gait (zero moment point (ZMP), linearized inverted pendulum theory, inverse kinematics obtained through the pseudo-inverse of Jacobian matrices). While several id...