Signals initiated through the TCR during development can result in either survival and differentiation or cell death. High affinity signals that induce death elicit a robust yet transient activation of signaling pathways, including Erk, whereas low affinity ligands, which promote survival, generate a gradual and weaker activation of the same pathways. It was recently demonstrated that Erk local...

Classically, the functional consequences of natural selection over genomes have been analyzed as the compound effects of individual genes. The current paradigm for large-scale analysis of adaptation is based on the observed significant deviations of rates of individual genes from neutral evolutionary expectation. This approach, which assumed independence among genes, has not been able to identi...

in this study, an efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation method was developed forpomegranate (punica granatum l.), a difficult-to-transform plant. in vitro shoot segments wereinoculated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 harboring the binary vectorpbi121 carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptii) gene as a selectable marker and β-glucuronidase (gus) gene as a reporter....

Detecting positive selection is a challenging task. We propose a method for detecting past positive selection through ongoing negative selection, based on comparison of the parameters of intraspecies polymorphism at functionally important and selectively neutral sites where a nucleotide substitution of the same kind occurred recently. Reduced occurrence of recently replaced ancestral alleles at...