The relationship between social media use and youth’s political participation has been extensively studied. However, explanations for youth’s online collective political activism have been less explored. Previous studies have used the concept of internal political efficacy to examine the relationship between social media and political participation. However, this concept only explains individua...

urban management in any context has a different economic, social and political structure, which is in harmony with the existing models of organization. in spite of these differences, in order to reach a sustainable urban development, several different conferences should be referred to. in the “brundtland commission 1987” about urban sustainable development these definitions have been given: “pr...

Democracy is defined as the system in which people are determined source of sovereignty and executives elected by people, representatives, perform bargaining processes political arena regarding social demands. With form shaped relation capitalist production, 19th century gained a characteristic unique to industrial society. In society, feudal society were obliged work with fixed, regular income...

Active political participation from the citizenry is essential for a healthy democracy. However, research finds a significant sex gap in political participation, limiting the influence of a substantial group from the political system and democratic representation. This division by sex is further marked by the types of political activities in which males and females engage. Candidates, elected o...

having a deep underestanding of despotism, ayatollah taleghani developed a shura-based system to secure the rights and the political participation of people. shura, including rural councils, provincial councils, and the islamic consultative assembly, is religiously based on traditions and quranic verses which allow the people to proceed towards high humanitarian and social goals. to compare shu...

fortcoming. Multikulturelle Demokratien im Vergleich. Opladen. 2 Department of Political Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Oude Zijds Achterburgwal 237. Email: [email protected] 3 We would like to thank the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and the Social Sciences (NIAS) that gave us a chance to finish this paper as part of a joint research plan that will hopefully...