Although the importance of advocacy activities by civil society organizations (CSOs) in policy and decision-making procedures has been greatly emphasized in the literature of political science and social policy, we have relatively little understanding of the relevance and impact of the leading actors who structure the diverse networks and discourses through social media; further recognition is ...

This article explores those factors which shape a political organization’s choice of tactics in political mobilization with a particular focus on the influence of gender ideology. To understand why political organizations engaging in contentious politics choose to employ violent tactics, nonviolent tactics, or a mixture of both, current scholarship has tended to focus on factors such as relatio...

296 BioScience • March 2012 / Vol. 62 No. 3 www.biosciencemag.org Environmental challenges transcend disciplinary, institutional, and political borders. The complex character of these challenges stems from diverse value systems, political differences, and economic and technological disparities (MA 2005, Perz et al. 2010). Solutions must come from varied disciplines, including social and natural...

Environmental program performance information is in high demand, but little research suggests why conservation organizations differ in reporting performance information. We compared performance measurement and reporting by four private-land conservation organizations: Partners for Fish and Wildlife in the US Fish and Wildlife Service (national government), Forest Stewardship Council-US (nationa...

The development of Indigenous political organizations in the Ecuadorian Amazon is illustrative of the state of affairs throughout the region. The moral economy that had governed inter-ethnic relations until recently has given way to a political economy in which Indigenous groups have come to understand the importance of defining the issues surrounding their relations with government agencies. T...

Political researchers point to church activities as a major avenue for lower-class individuals to learn the civic skills necessary for many forms of political participation, the skills that higher-status individuals learn through education and occupation. This article tests this theory through multilevel analyses of the effects of both individual income and average congregational income on thre...

The evolution of studies of political parties of constitution: The first and second periods show that the evolution of parties indicates that researchers' attitude to political pheno-mena also coincide with the evolution of political realities has been transformed, and the consideration of ideologies in the analysis of the parties have replaced with religious perspectives and anti-authoritarian...

In developing countries building national health research systems is a movement similar to a political leadership contest. Increasingly, political campaigns to select leaders depend less on ideologies and political messages and more on promising change that will promptly improve the quality of life of the voters. In this process the benefits and risks of every action and statement made by the c...

II. CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: AN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS .............................................................................................. 296 A. Treaty vs. Constitution .................................................................................................... 297 B. Formal vs. Material Constitution ................................