In recent literature on monetary policy and learning, it has been suggested that private sector’s expectations should play a role in the policy rule implemented by the central bank, as they could improve the ability of the policymaker to stabilize the economy. Private sector’s expectations, in these studies, are often taken to be homogeneous and rational, at least in the limit of a learning pro...

Most analyses of monetary policy delegation schemes typically ignore the behavior of the fiscal policy maker. The paper investigates how monetary price level targeting or monetary nominal income targeting may yield social gain in an economy with government debt and where the fiscal policymaker, acting strategically, may take counter actions. We argue that the choice of fiscal policy instrument ...

in this study, a model of optimal allocation of subsidy was developed based on the microeconomic optimization theory. the model was evaluated by applying to premium subsidy allocation to the cereal crops’ (corn, rain fed barley and wheat, and irrigated barley and wheat) insurance in iran. in developing the model, it was assumed that, policymaker on behalf of society, follows a social utility ma...

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in automated e-business negotiations. The automation of negotiation requires a decision model to capture the negotiation knowledge of policymakers and negotiation experts so that the decision-making process can be carried out automatically. Current research on automated e-business negotiations has focused on defining low-level tactics (or nego...

This paper provides microfoundations to the Salter-Swan policy framework, a graphical apparatus designed ascertain exchange-rate and fiscal stance of policymaker with internal external economic targets. The environment is an infinite-horizon small open economy producing tradable nontradable goods that takes world prices interest rates as given populated by optimizing households firms. subject t...

Gender in financial inclusion is an evolving field of research. This study uses the World Bank’s Global Findex database, along with probit models, to investigate presence gender inequality on and its causes. In Middle East North Africa samples, we present new evidence lower women’s inclusion. Being a man, older, well-educated high-income increases likelihood being financially included. The find...

This thesis is concerned with three questions: first, how can the effects macroeconomic policy has on the economy in general be estimated? Second, what are the effects of a pre-announced increase in government expenditures? Third, how should monetary policy be conducted, if the policymaker faces uncertainty about the economic environment. In the first chapter I suggest to estimate the effects o...

BACKGROUND Governments use law to constrain aspects of private activities for purposes of protecting health and social wellbeing. Policymakers have a range of perceptions and beliefs about what is public or private. An understanding of the possible drivers of policymaker decisions about where government can or should intervene for health is important, as one way to better guide appropriate poli...