There is a widespread sentiment that a sufficiently stringent climate policy, i.e. considerable reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to avoid extreme climate change, will go along with tremendous economic costs for society. Various climate cost-benefit analyses and climate policy cost assessments have calculated these costs, but all of them are characterized by debatable assumptions. Moreover,...

the matrix functions appear in several applications in engineering and sciences. the computation of these functions almost involved complicated theory. thus, improving the concept theoretically seems unavoidable to obtain some new relations and algorithms for evaluating these functions. the aim of this paper is proposing some new reciprocal for the function of block anti diagonal matrices. more...

Abstract. Based on temporal difference method in neuro-dynamic programming, an adaptive policy for finite state Markov decision processes with the average reward is constructed under the minorization condition. We estimate the value function by a learning iteration algorithm. And the adaptive policy is specified as an ε-forced modification of the greedy policy for the estimated value and the es...

The series Studies in Public Policy is published by the Policy Institute at Trinity College. It aims to bridge the gap between the academic and professional policy communities and make a real difference to public policy debate in Ireland. Each Study takes a practical policy problem and analyses it in a way that is academically rigorous yet accessible for all that.

Social welfare functions (SWFs) are used in welfare-maximizing climate-economy models as objective functions to identify ‘optimal’ climate policies, to quantitatively compare alternative policies, and to characterize the costs of achieving alternative normative constraints. This paper reviews the main SWFs that have been applied in climate policy analyses according to the welfare maximization p...

Large-scale, shared-memory multiprocessors have non-uniform memory access (NUMA) costs. The high communication cost dominates the source of matrix computations' execution. Memory contention and remote memory access are two major communication overheads on large-scale NUMA multiprocessors. However, previous experiments and discussions focus either on reducing the number of remote memory accesses...

Granular residual is created in the banking network when there are a few large banks with many small banks. In this case, the effect of the shocks on each bank not lost in total that can lead to macro-economic consequences. The transmission of monetary policy through change in bank facilities is one of the key mechanisms affecting monetary policies. The power of transmission of monetary policy ...

Food security has a dynamic notion during the time and may be affected by various domestic and global factors.Nevertheless, Iranian policy makers consider food security as same as self-sufficiency in agricultural food products, particularly wheat production. However, self-sufficiency can contribute to food security only if it is in coincidences with comparative advantage and sustainable resourc...

In 1851, during the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, Sojourner Truth, 1992Truth S. Truth: Ain't I a woman?. Scholastic, New York1992Google Scholar to explain how her Blackness resulted differential treatment as woman United States. famous speech at 1964 Democratic National Convention, Fannie Lou Hamer heavily sighed “I'm sick and tired of being tired” (2011) when she described violence target...