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Pollen analysis of Miocene and Pliocene sediments from southeastern Europe and the northeastern Mediterranean is represented in pollen synthetic diagrams based on ecological criteria in order to clearly visualize changes in the composition and structure of the vegetation through time. New pollen data, together with abundant existing palynological information from this area, show a progressive r...

Abstract The intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations at the end Pliocene epoch marks one most substantial climatic shifts Cenozoic. Despite global cooling, sea surface temperatures in high latitude North Atlantic Ocean rose between 2.9–2.7 million years ago. Here we present sedimentary geochemical proxy data from Gulf Cadiz to reconstruct variability Mediterranean Outflow Water, an i...

Temperatures in the Arctic have increased by an astounding 1 °C in response to anthropogenic forcing over the past 20 years and are expected to rise further in the coming decades. The Pliocene (2.6–5.3 Ma) is of particular interest as an analog for future warming because global temperatures were signifi cantly warmer than today for a sustained period of time, with continental confi gurations si...

Paleoceanographic data from sites near the equator in the eastern and western Pacifi c Ocean show that sea-surface temperatures, and apparently also the depth and temperature distribution in the thermocline, have changed markedly over the past ~4 m.y., from those resembling an El Niño state before ice sheets formed in the Northern Hemisphere to the present-day marked contrast between the easter...

We document the tectonic and metamorphic evolution of thrust nappes eastern island Elba. The area exposes a natural cross section Northern Apennines hinterland, from basement units to overlying continent- ocean-derived nappes. integrated mapping, analysis structures microstructures, interpretation drill core logs with lithostratigraphic, metamorphic, geochronological constraints, producing nove...

[1] At 2.7 million years ago the warm equable climates of early and ‘‘middle’’ Pliocene time (used here to mean from 5 to 2.7 Ma) were replaced by recurring ice ages. Most attempts to explain the change appeal either to changes in CO2 in the atmosphere or reduced heat transport by the Atlantic Ocean. The sources of the strongest teleconnections in the current climate, however, lie in the tropic...

Molecular phylogeography suggests that Micromys minutus, the sole extant species of the genus, colonized its extensive range quite recently, during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene period. Rich Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil records both from Europe and China suggest rather continuous and gradual in situ phenotype rearrangements from the Pliocene to the Recent periods. To elucidate the discrepanc...