The genetic aspect of plant improvement involves the identification and generation of superior genotypes. This might involve selecting the best single line from a series of pure lines, or increasing the frequencies of favorable alleles in a segregating population, or transferring desirable alleles from a line or wild stain into existing elite germplasm, or selecting the best lines to cross to p...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Agricultural crop databases maintained in gene banks of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) are valuable sources of information for breeders. These databases provide comparative phenotypic and genotypic information that can help elucidate functional aspects of plant and agricultural biology. To facilitate data sharing within and between thes...

BACKGROUND Emeritus Campbell-Bascom Professor Stanley J. Peloquin was an internationally renowned plant geneticist and breeder who made exceptional contributions to the quantity, quality and sustainable supply of food for the world from his innovative and extensive scientific contributions. For five decades, Dr Peloquin merged basic research in plant reproduction, cytology, cytogenetics, geneti...

Animal societies composed of breeders and non-breeders present a challenge to evolutionary theory because it is not immediately apparent how natural selection can preserve the genes that underlie non-breeding strategies. The clownfish Amphiprion percula forms groups composed of a breeding pair and 0-4 non-breeders. Non-breeders gain neither present direct, nor present indirect benefits from the...

Selection and use of molecular markers for evaluation DNA polymorphism in plants are couple the most important approaches field genetics. The assessment genetic diversity using morphological is not sufficient due to little differentiating traits among species, genera or their individuals. Morphological only highly influenced by environmental factors but skilled also prerequisite find variations...

As central place foragers, breeding penguins are restricted in foraging range by the need to return to the colony to feed chicks. Furthermore, breeding birds must balance energetic gain from self-feeding with the costs of returning to provision young. Non-breeding birds, however, are likely to be less restricted in foraging range and lack the high energy demands of provisioning, therefore may c...

Welfare trade-offs between intellectual property (IP) protections provided by patents and by plant variety protection (PVP) are explored. PVP breeders’ exemption weakens IP protection, but may speed the transfer of research gains across firms. A model is developed assuming firms optimise research given existing IP protection. A baseline scenario supporting each system is used to perform welfare...