Non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction including dysfunctional voiding and detrusor underactivity caused by a spastic or non-relaxing external urethral sphincter can theoretically be treated by injections of botulinum A toxin into the external urethral sphincter. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was designed to determine the clinical efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA urethral sp...

PURPOSE To explore the effects of methane-rich saline (CH4 saline) on the capability of one-time exhaustive exercise in male SD rats. METHODS Thirty rats were equally divided into to three groups at random: control group (C), placebo group (P) and methane saline group (M). Rats in M group underwent intraperitoneal injection of CH4 saline, and the other two groups simultaneously underwent intr...

At 14-day intervals, 12 calves were vaccinated twice with a S. typhimurium bacterin-toxoid, and 12 control calves each received two injections of dialuminum trioxide/saline placebo. Two weeks following the vaccination booster, or the second placebo injection, ten calves – five vaccinated and five treated with placebo – were challenged with 100 ng/kg of E. coli 055:B5 endotoxin. Similarly, anoth...

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of enzyme potentiated desensitisation in the treatment of severe summer hay fever poorly controlled by pharmacotherapy. DESIGN Double blind randomised placebo controlled parallel group study. SETTING Hospital in Hampshire. PARTICIPANTS 183 participants aged between 18 and 64 with a history of severe summer hay fever for at least two years; all were skin pr...

Tonsils are located in the upper airway.serious complications may threaen the patients during and following surgical operations in this area.this study was done to assess the effectiveness of local lidocaine infiltration for redusing complications of tonsillectomy.in this study,74 patients were randomly selected.37 patients received local lidocaine infiltration(2ml of 2% lidocaine)in the tonsil...

BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to determine if the effect of llama OIF on LH secretion is mediated by stimulation of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. METHODS Using a 2-by-2 factorial design to examine the effects of OIF vs GnRH with or without a GnRH antagonist, llamas with a growing ovarian follicle greater than or equal to 8 mm were assigned randomly to four groups (n = 7 per g...

This study aimed to assess the prophylactic efficacy of Tramadol and Dexamethasone in preventing shivering following spinal anesthesia. A total 162 patients aged 18 60, with ASA physical status I or II, undergoing various surgical procedures, were randomly assigned receive intravenous normal saline (Group C), tramadol at a dose 1 mg/kg T), dexamethasone 0.1 D). The occurrence shivering, its imp...

purpose: to compare the effect of high dose intravenous corticosteroid therapy with placebo in the treatment of recent traumatic optic neuropathy (ton). methods: in a double masked-placebo controlled clinical trial, 31 eyes of 31 patients were randomly assigned into two groups. only patients with history of ophthalmic or head trauma within the past 7 days were included. unconscious patients, th...

background: clinical trial is the standard method to assess efficacy of a medical intervention. because of its experimental nature, meaning that subjects are exposed to an intervention with uncertain outcome and according to historical evidences of criminal researches, clinical trial is of something of a lightning rod for ethical concerns. ethical issues surrounding clinical trials are very per...

conclusions our study showed that dexmedetomidine had better effects on sensory and motor block duration and motor block onset in comparison with ketorolac, as lidocaine adjuvants in infraclavicular brachial plexus block were present in both protocols. however, the first time to analgesic request by ketorolac was longer than dexmedetomidine. objectives the purpose of this study was to examine t...