objective(s): the main characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) is their ability to produce other cell types. electromagnetic field (emf) stimulates differentiation of mscs into other cells. in this study, we investigated whether emf can effect on the differentiation of mscs into dopaminergic (da) neurons. materials and methods: an emf with a frequency of 50 hz and two intensities of 40 ...

background: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is characterized by progressive neuronal loss in hippocamp. epidermal neural crest stem cells (epi-ncsc) can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transplanting epi-ncsc into ad rat model. methods: two weeks after induction of ad by injection of amyloid-β 1-40 into ca1 area of ra...

there is strong evidence demonstrating that nifedipine dissolved in ethanol selectively inhibits only l-type ca2+ current. in addition, acute ethanol exposure reduces voltage-dependent calcium currents. in the present study, we investigated the antagonistic effect of fixed concentration of nifedipine dissolved in different concentration of ethanol on l-type ca2+ current. in a na+-k+ free soluti...

background and objective: although diabetes mellitus is known to be one of the risk factors for dementia but neuropathic changes in the brain of diabetic patients have not been completely revealed. therefore, this research study was done to evaluate structural changes in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal ca1 area of male diabetic rats using golgi-impregnation method. materials and methods: male ...

The nociceptive flexor withdrawal reflex has an august place in the history of neuroscience. In this issue of Neuron, Hilde et al. (2016) advance our understanding of this reflex by characterizing the molecular identity and circuit connectivity of component interneurons. They assess how a DNA-binding factor Satb2 controls cell position, molecular identity, pre-and postsynaptic targeting, and fu...

Collective migration depends on cell-cell interactions between neighbors that contribute to their overall directionality, yet the mechanisms that control the coordinated migration of neurons remains to be elucidated. During hindbrain development, facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) undergo a stereotypic tangential caudal migration from their place of birth in rhombomere (r)4 to their final loc...

Background & objective: This study aims to assess the effect of cooling helmet during surgery on neuron specific enolase (NSE) and delirium levels following open heart patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using a heart-lung machine.
 Methodology: double-blind randomized clinical trial took place from October December 2021 in tertiary care hospital. The research used modified decr...

The generation of spikes by neurons is energetically a costly process. This paper studies the consumption of energy and the information entropy in the signalling activity of a model neuron both when it is supposed isolated and when it is coupled to another neuron by an electrical synapse. The neuron has been modelled by a four-dimensional Hindmarsh-Rose type kinetic model for which an energy fu...

Gwendal LeMasson' Department of Biology Brandeis University Waltham. MA 02254 L.F. Abbott Department of Physics Brandeis University Waltham. MA 02254 We demonstrate the use of a digital signal processing board to construct hybrid networks consisting of computer model neurons connected to a biological neural network. This system operates in real time. and the synaptic connections are realistic e...

The brain is a dynamic information processing system that evolves its structure and functionality in time through information processing at different levels — Fig. 1: the quantum, molecular, single neuron, ensemble of neurons, cognitive, and evolutionary levels. At a molecular level, RNA and protein molecules evolve in a cell and interact in a continuous way, based on the stored information in ...