We study here the connections among body temperature variation, flight performance and flight 'fuel' metabolism in Colias eurytheme butterflies, to begin re-examining the metabolic reasons for animal thermoregulation. Methods are presented for (a) stable extraction of adenylates (and other metabolites) from the flight muscles of individual Colias eurytheme, (b) automated separation and quantita...

Complex signaling traits such as pheromone profiles can play an important role in the early stages of reproductive isolation between populations. These signals can diverge along multiple trait axes, and signal receivers are often sensitive to subtle differences in signal properties. In the Lepidoptera, prior research has highlighted that natural selection can drive rapid chemical signal diverge...

Abstract Pupal colour plasticity (PCP) in many lepidopterans can be adaptive by helping pupae match their background colours. Studies on PCP, most of which have been laboratory-based, largely used human assessment to categorize as green or brown. This binary categorization limits the understanding finer pupal variations and function. We conducted a study PCP butterfly Catopsilia pomona comparin...