For many plants, their symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi plays a key role in the acquisition of mineral nutrients such as inorganic phosphate (Pi), exchange for assimilated carbon. To study gene regulation and function symbiotic partners, we others have used compartmented microcosms which extra-radical mycelium (ERM), responsible nutrient supply was separated by fine nylon nets from a...

r is called commuting regular ring (resp. semigroup) if for each x,y $in$ r thereexists a $in$ r such that xy = yxayx. in this paper, we introduce the concept of commuting$pi$-regular rings (resp. semigroups) and study various properties of them.

A human colon cancer cell line with acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) was assayed for the intracellular GSH level and the activity of GSH-S-transferase (GST), which catalyzes the conjugation reaction of electrophilic drugs with GSH. The GSH level and GST activity (as measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) were elevated in the resistant cells by 1.7-fold and 2-fold, respectively. This elev...

Most of the micro/nano manipulation mechanisms and systems are commonly based on flexure-based monolithic structures, and are generally driven by piezoelectric actuators. In the presented work, experimental system identification, 1-DOF trajectory tracking with feed-forward control, and hysteresis compensation are investigated. An experimental research facility with laser interferometry-based se...

Changes in homeotic gene expression patterns or in the functions of the encoded proteins are thought to play a prominent role in the evolution of new morphologies. The floral homeotic APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) genes encode MADS domain-containing transcription factors required to specify petal and stamen identities in Arabidopsis. We have previously shown that perianth expression of AP3...

Plant scientists face the difficult challenge of increasing food production without further degradation of the environment. In order to protect drinking water resources and prevent the proliferation of harmful algal blooms and “dead zones” in coastal marine ecosystems, it is imperative to reduce anthropogenic nutrient inputs (Conley et al., 2009). These challenges are further compounded by the ...

Background Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) MRI has become a standard clinical exam for characterizing myocardial viability after infarction and for assessing many nonischemic myocardial diseaseses. Typically, a 3D slab covering the myocardium is scanned within a single breath-hold. However, 3D LGE with sufficient resolution and slice coverage requires a long scan time and is challe...