Introduction: A varicocele is defined as an abnormal venous dilatation and/or tortuosity of the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum. Varicocele is the major reversible cause of male infertility. It is observed in 35%–40% of all men with primary infertility. Objectives:Our purposes were determination of varicocelectomy benefits, anthocyanin effects on varicocle and also varicocelectomy isn'...

Host shifts and the formation of insect-host races are likely common processes in the speciation of herbivorous insects. The interactions of goldenrods Solidago (Compositae), the gall fly Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the beetle Mordellistena convicta (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) provide behavioural, ecological and genetic evidence of host races that may represent incipient specie...

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is a severe seedborne disease of Brassica crops around the world. Nine races are recognized, being races 1 and 4 the most aggressive and widespread. The identification of Xcc races affecting Brassica crops in a target area is necessary to establish the adequate control measures and breeding strategies. The objectives of this stud...

Abstract The molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone and prolactin in mammals shows two unusual features: episodes markedly accelerated and, some species, complex families related proteins expressed placenta resulting from multiple gene duplications. Explanations these phenomena terms physiological adaptations seem unconvincing. Here, I propose an alternative explanation, namely that ev...