In college level chemistry courses, reasoning using molecular and particulate descriptions of matter becomes central to understanding physical and chemical properties. In this study, we used a qualitative approach to analyzing classroom discourse derived from Toulmin’s model of argumentation in order to describe the ways in which students develop particulate-level justifications for claims abou...

Patterns are often formed when particles cluster: Since patterns reflect the connectivity of different types of material, the emergence of patterns affects the physical and chemical properties of systems and shares a close relationship to their macroscopic functions. A radial dendritic pattern (RDP) is observed in many systems such as snow crystals, polymer crystals and biological systems. Alth...

Scanning backscattering imaging and independent component analysis (ICA) are used to probe targets hidden in the subsurface of a turbid medium. A new correction procedure is proposed and used to synthesize a "clean" image of a homogeneous host medium numerically from a set of raster-scanned "dirty" backscattering images of the medium with embedded targets. The independent intensity distribution...

National governments are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of their soil resources and are shaping strategies accordingly. Implicit in any such strategy is that degradation threats and their potential effect on important soil properties and functions are defined and understood. In this paper, we aimed to review the principal degradation threats on important soil properties in the UK...

From the point of view of intermolecular interactions, the cytoplasmic space is more like a crowded party in a house full of furniture than a game of tag in an empty field. Understanding the physical chemical properties of cytoplasm is thus of key importance for understanding cellular function. This article attempts to provide an entrée into the current literature on this subject and offers som...

In the past few decades there has been a hiatus in the momentum of research and discovery of ‘novel’ medicinal compounds. This particular trend in drug development perhaps is augmented due to two vital factors, namely : first, strict empirical and rational approach to drug design ; and secondly, high standards of safety and therapeutic efficacy together with tremendous increased costs of resear...

R a Drying is a frequently used technological process that has found its use in almost every industry branch. It is a physical process where heat impact influences the lowering of material's moisture, without changing its chemical properties. Drying is one of the basic processes in production of ceramic products. Granulate is generated as a final output product after drying of the mixture of wa...

Nanometric objects attract huge interest due to their new and unexpected physical and chemical properties [1], which may allow the development of new technological devices. The study of these nano-objects is seriously limited by the fact that well-established conventional tools can not be easily applied in this size range. The development of new instruments and methodologies is necessary to all...