The use of unsupervised artificial neural network techniques like the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm has proven to be a useful tool in exploratory data analysis and clustering of multivariate data sets. In this study a variant of the SOM-algorithm is proposed, the GEO3DSOM, capable of explicitly incorporating three-dimensional spatial 5 knowledge into the algorithm. The performance of the ...

Abstract Phreatic explosions at volcanoes are difficult to forecast but can be locally devastating, as illustrated by the deadly 2019 Whakaari (New Zealand) eruption. Quantifying eruption likelihood is essential for risk calculations that underpin volcano access decisions and disaster response. But estimating probabilities notoriously sudden onset eruptions. Here, we describe two retrospectivel...

Phreatic groundwater plays a significant role in the water supply for human communities, especially scarce regions. This research was conducted to investigate hydrochemistry and contamination of phreatic their constraints on drinking semiarid region North China Plain. A total 49 groundwaters were collected hydrochemical analysis. The results suggested had slightly alkaline nature. Although larg...