Introduction: In radiation therapy, knowing the dose rates to healthy organs and tumors is beneficial, and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) allows for this possibility. This study was aimed at determining the dose-response differences of TLDs in various types of radiation, energy levels, and dose rate calibrated with other types of radiation beams and energy and dose levels. Materials and Meth...

This paper investigates damping ratio in micro-beam resonators based on magneto-thermo-elasticity. A unique aspect of the present study is the effect of permanent magnetic field on the stiffness and thermo-elastic damping of the micro resonators. In our modeling the theory of thermo-elasticity with interacting of an externally applied permanent magnetic field is taken into account. Combined the...

Much of the algorithms used to calculate dose distributions for photon beams generated by clinical electron linacs (Zhou et al. 2010, Sikora and Alber 2009, Tillikainen 2009) consider three particle sources: a photon source corresponding to Bremsstrahlung in the target (primary source), a second photon source that takes into account those photons produced by scattering into the primary collimat...

Point sources exhibit low threshold electron emission due to local field enhancement at the tip. The development and implementation of tip emitters have been hampered by the need to position them sufficiently apart to achieve field enhancement, limiting the number of emission sites and therefore the overall current. Here we report low threshold field (< 0.1 V/μm) emission of multiple electron b...

• The first talk by F. Ruggiero [1] gave a short introduction to some key concepts relevant to the discussion of electron cloud effects and their implications for PS, SPS and LHC operation. • This was followed by a talk given by W. Höfle [2] who reported about strong perturbations on pick-up signals of the SPS transverse feedback system (damper), observed with LHC type beams and attributed to t...

An electron collimator composed of a point-like source and a parabolic pn junction is proposed as a generator of highly focused electron beams in graphene. The collimator is based on negative refraction and Klein collimation, which are unique to pseudo-relativistic Dirac materials. The electron beams generated by the lensing apparatus can be steered by a weak magnetic field without losing colli...

The Monte Carlo programme PENEPMA performs simulations of X-ray emission from samples bombarded with electron beams. It is both based on the general-purpose Monte Carlo simulation package PENELOPE, an elaborate system for the simulation of coupled electron-photon transport in arbitrary materials, and on the geometry subroutine package PENGEOM, which tracks particles through complex material str...

A beam-tracking simulation has been done for study of the electron-cooling bunching of ion beams around a few hundred MeV/u. In the simulation, the field due to the space charge of a beam in a round vacuum chamber is calculated from the charge distribution of macro-particles and the image particles due to the macro-particles. The simulation results show that the bunched beams meet a transverse ...

In context of the LIGHT project (Laser-Ion Generation, Handling and Transport) [1], studies on the capability of a solenoidal magnetic field to collimate and transport laser-accelerated proton beams were carried out. Results of preliminary particle-in-cell simulations [2] and experiments at the PHELIX laser facility [1, 3] demand a detailed analysis of the space-charge influence. Therefore, the...

The presented virtual energy fluence (VEF) model of the patient-independent part of the medical linear accelerator heads, consists of two Gaussian-shaped photon sources and one uniform electron source. The planar photon sources are located close to the bremsstrahlung target (primary source) and to the flattening filter (secondary source), respectively. The electron contamination source is locat...