We have suggested that the Yang-Mills(YM) field can be a kind of candidate of inflation at high energy scale or dark energy at the very low energy scale, which can naturally give the matter state of ω < 0, even it can give ω < −1. In this paper, we discuss the perturbation theory of the YM field, and give a series of equations which can describe the evolution of the YM field’s perturbation in t...

In this article we decide to define a modified homotopy perturbation for solving non-linear integral equations. Almost, all of the papers that was presented to solve non-linear problems by the homotopy method, they used from two non-linear and linear operators. But we convert a non-linear problem to two suitable non-linear operators also we use from appropriate bases functions such as Legendre ...