Vesicles that are specifically designed to overcome the stratum corneum barrier in intact skin provide an efficient transdermal (systemic or local) drug delivery system. They can be classified into two main groups according to the mechanisms underlying their skin interaction. The first group comprises those possessing highly deformable bilayers, achieved by incorporating edge activators to the ...

Purpose: To develop an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix system containing a permeation enhancer for enhanced transdermal delivery of torasemide. Methods: The solubility of torasemide was studied at various volume fraction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400. The effect of drug concentration was tested at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 %, respectively while the effect of temperature on drug release from drug-...

A suitable emulgel formulation of piroxicam was prepared and its percutaneous permeation was investigated using Wistar rat skin and diffusion cell technique. The concentrations of the drug in receptor phase of diffusion cells were measured using HPLC method. The effect of three types of penetration enhancers (Myrj 52, cineol and Transcutol P) with different concentrations on transdermal permeat...

Abstract Background Transdermal drug delivery is one of the most widely used administration routes, which offer several advantages over other routes delivery. The apical layer skin called stratum corneum dominant obstacle in transdermal delivery, restricts passage drugs across skin. Considerable strategies have been applied to enhance rate permeation epithelial cells; however, strategy use sorp...

BACKGROUND Cellulite is the accumulation of subcutaneous fat and connective tissue in tights and buttocks. Xanthines, such as aminophylline, are used as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and are also adenosine receptor antagonists. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to characterize in vitro aminophylline transdermal absorption through shed snake skin, and to investigate the absorption en...

The aim of this study was to optimize hesperetin cream formulations by in vitro permeation study and evaluate topical whitening active effect and skin irritation by in vivo study. The results showed that the solubility of lipophilic compound of hesperetin was increased by short-chain alcohol including ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols 400 (PEG 400). PEG 400 showed str...