Diafiltration is an ultrafiltration membrane technique for completely removing, replacing, or lowering the concentration of salts or solvents from solutions containing proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. The process selectively uses permeable (porous) membrane filters to separate the components of solutions and suspensions based on their molecular size. Smaller molecules ...

E. coli cells evolved under electrochemical tension in a microbial fuel cell possess direct electrochemical behavior due to the excretion of hydroquinone derivatives through a highly permeable outer membrane, and their catalyzed fuel cell demonstrates excellent performance.

Abstract Renal Replacement Therapies generally associated to the Artificial Kidney (AK) are membrane-based treatments that assure separation functions of failing kidney in extracorporeal blood circulation. Their progress from conventional hemodialysis towards high-flux (HFHD) through introduction ultrafiltration membranes characterized by high convective permeation fluxes intensified need eluci...

Drug design efforts are turning to a new generation of therapeutic targets, such as protein-protein interactions (PPIs), that had previously been considered "undruggable" by typical small molecules. There is an emerging view that accessing these targets will require molecules that are larger and more complex than typical small molecule drugs. Here, we present a methodology for the discovery of ...

Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1, accession number: NP_003365.1) encodes for a protein product length of 283. VDAC1 regulates the flux of mostly anionic metabolites through the outer mitochondrial membrane, which is highly permeable to small molecules. VDAC is the most abundant protein in the outer membrane. Changes in membrane potentials can switch VDAC between open o...

A simple method for assessing thyroid status is described in which the percentage of radioactive thyroxine dialysed through a semi-permeable membrane between plasma samples is estimated. The results compare favourably with other tests in vitro.

Cell-mediated immunity is critical for host resistance to tuberculosis. T lymphocytes recognizing antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules have been found to be necessary for control of mycobacterial infection. Mice genetically deficient in the generation of MHC class I and class Ia responses are susceptible to mycobacterial infection. Alth...

Osmotic microbial fuel cells (OsMFCs) can integrate forward osmosis into (MFCs), which are able to perform organic elimination, bioenergy production, and high-class water abstraction from wastewater. However, it is not well understood how the unique feature of OsMFCs, i.e., flux, helps improve current generation. Based on experimental studies Springer model theory, a new method for representing...

The membrane-permeable peptides (MPP) such as undecapeptides TAT (YGRKKRRQRRR) and CTP (YGRRARRRRRR) have been receiving much attention for delivering various kinds of low membrane-permeability materials in vitro and in vivo. We have successfully used MPP in carrying various proteins through blood-brain barrier (BBB) in treatment of many kinds of nervous diseases. However, people always concent...

Single-molecule manipulation instruments have unparalleled abilities to interrogate the structure and elasticity of single biomolecules. Key insights are derived by measuring the system response in varying solution conditions; yet, typical solution control strategies require imposing a direct fluid flow on the measured biomolecule that perturbs the high-sensitivity measurement and/or removes in...