any change in the refractive index of a laser active medium can lead to serious degradation of beam quality, laser beam modes, laser performance and variation in the intensity distribution. alteration in the refractive index of laser active medium is especially notable in high power lasers. it is clear that in the laser beam production, the pumping agent induces a great amount of heat which...

methodology non-native participants in this study were sixty ba students majoring in english literature and teaching english as a foreign language at khayyam university of mashhad. they were senior students, between 21 to 24 years old, who had studied english for at least three and a half years and had passed several courses including grammar, reading, conversation, and writing. this was assum...

Since the ancient times, one of the concerns of the political scholars and philosophers has been the interactions between Ethics and Politics in the destiny of the society. The conceptual framework of this paper is based on the theory of the unity of the ethics and politics. We also applied the analytical research method for examining the issue. In this article, the views and thoughts of “Plato...

Imamate and guardianship is considered as of Shiite`s most fundamental beliefs always defended by reasonable proofs of them. Molla Sadra is regarded among those great scholars; using his philosophical principles, he has tried to show how Divine friend or perfect man may be alive in visible world for ever. He has explained the unity of perfect man and the world of intellect. For him, intellectua...

abstract the primary purpose of this study was to explore the actual practices and cognitions of two groups of iranian eap teachers, i.e. language teachers and content teachers, with respect to teaching reading-comprehension and vocabulary. to this end, tehran university of medical sciences which authorizes both groups of teachers to teach eap courses was selected as the context of the study s...